Before & After Iranian Revolution

That dynasty extended from 1921 until its overthrow in 1979 (Lewis, 1995; Mottahedeh, 1985).

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took curb of the country in 1941. His basic orientation was to the West, and he became closer to the United States throughout his reign. The one real affright to his power occurred in 1953 when he almost lost control to a coalition of activists headed by Mosaddegh. Mosaddegh was a strong nationalist, attraction of a movement that represented the basic thrust of the attitudeWorld War II Third World. He had coarse popular support in Iran, but that was not to splay sufficient. As has become wellknown, Mosaddegh was actually overthrown by the CIA, which support an army coup that restored the shah to power (Miller, 1996). Clearly this was an act that endeared the Americans to the shah of Iran. It was not until the end of his life that this connection was to seriously betray him.

The shah followed his return by engaging in massive activity of scotch growth. Iran's growth was fueled by its oil reserves and by its strategic engagement in international politics. The shah proved to be quite adept in gaining support and in ensuring culture dollars provided visible rewards for his country. In general, he followed the Western route to learning, concentrating on the development of infrastructure, such as roads, dams, railroads, and power plants (Miller, 1996).

He in exchange qualified manner early involved himself in progressive efforts, inc

Lewis, B. (1995). The Middle East. NY: Scribner.

Hiro, D. (1991). The longest war. NY: Routledge.

The shah continued to emphasize development into the 1970s, but he began to lose popular support because of his change magnitude despotism. Although he initially allowed a controlled twoparty state, he eventually eliminated that, running a oneparty autocracy. sevens became slight and less representative of the people and the shah became less and less tolerant of any criticism. As with many powerful men, he surrounded himself with an entourage of flunkeys who told him what he wanted to hear.

One of the adjacent repercussions of the Iranian revolution was upheaval in the Middle East.

This not only affected Saudi Arabia and other conservative governments want to maintain their power. It too impacted more secular regimes like Iraq and Syria.

However, the net effect of the war for Iran as a country, and for the Iranian people, was extremely negative. The bombardment by Iraq and the numerous take awayensives took a gravid toll on both infrastructure and the population. Yet, in just about respects Iraq lost more during the war. It was unable to achieve its force objectives, despite its greater military power and large expenditures on armaments. It also wound up with considerable foreign debt. On the other hand, by the end of the war, Iran had actually paid off its foreign debt and not garnered any further debt.

There were also internal problems with security and repression. Although the shah's SAVAK had been brutal, it did not have the scope and pretension of the revolutionaries. There was a new, different type of repression, enforced by the mullahs. However, the torture remained the same, and there was the addition of executions for those who did not agree with the regime or did not follow its stringent moral codes (Lewis, 1995).

In general, the clerics proved to be incompetent rulers, but effective leaders. They were able to mobilize the people
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