In William Faulkners Barn Burning, The Main Character Is Colonel Sart

In William Faulkner's "Barn Burning," the main character is Colonel Sartoris Snopes, or "Sarty" for short. This young boy is torn between loyalty to his father and morality, and this story deals with that struggle. Sarty is a "round" character, changing through the story as he moves from "sticking to his own blood" to thinking more of himself and his own welfare. At first he is extremely loyal to his father, but as the paternal figure digs a deeper and deeper hole for himself and his family, Sarty realizes that this is simply an extremely vicious cycle. In the opening scene, he thinks that his father wants to lie, and acknowledges that he will have to do so, despite strong feelings that it is the wrong thing to do. He fears his father more than he wishes to act as he would like. Sarty watches his father get kicked out of town, track manure over his new employer's rug, suffer the indignity of having to clean it, and then burn the landlord's barn down. As this occurs, he drifts more and more out of the mindset that his father might reform and gain some sense of responsibility and justice, and settles into the view that he will have to take action to stop this from occuring. Eventually, Sarty warns the landlord that his father is burning his barn, and then leaves his family. This is an entrance into another style of life, another view of life, and a new freedom that all would have been nonexistant if he had remained in his father's grip. Sarty has changed from a boy too afraid of his father to take action to a young man, aware of the consequences of his actions and willing to face them in lieu of remaining where he was.

Endocytosis Essay Example

Endocytosis Essay Example Endocytosis Essay Endocytosis Essay WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT ROUTES OF ENDOCYTOSIS THAT HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND HOW MAY THEY FIT INTO AN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF VESICLE TRAFFICKING? Abstraction Endocytosis is a complex serious of events which occurs in the bulk of eucaryotic cells. There are a broad scope of endocytic tracts which are undertaken taken by a figure of beings. By utilizing experimental information we look to see whether there is an evolutionary relationship in respects to the path of endocytosis taken and whether these fit into a tract of cyst trafficking. Many experiments have been carried out and utilize techniques such as time-lapse imagination and phyletic analysis. Time lapse imagination allows us to see the procedures happening in existent clip and phyletic analysis shows us how the organisms relate in footings of protein interactions. By looking at a scope of organisms e.g. Dictyostelium, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ( barm ) , trypanosomes, Caenorhabiditis elegans, Tetrahymena and mammals, and specific protein interactions eg. Dynamin, AP-2, we are able to see the extent as to whether the different paths of endocytosis tantrum into an evolutionary history of cyst trafficking. Overall, it is apparent that there is a relationship between the path of endocytosis taken and the history of cyst trafficking, nevertheless the strength of this relationship is non every bit clear as one may believe. Introduction Endocytosis is a cardinal membrane trafficking procedure which takes topographic point in a big sum of eucaryotic cells. This procedure allows a scope of membrane constituents and extracellular stuff to be internalised into cysts formed from the plasma membrane ( fig.1 ) . These cysts are so delivered to the early and late endosomes, and are finally recycled back to the membrane or degraded with the lysosome. Endocytosis is a wide term which includes a scope of different tracts. The procedure of endocytosis is tightly controlled and a scope of different proteins and interactions need to be considered in order for a greater apprehension of what might look a simple cellular procedure. Although this is a general definition for endocytosis, some of the endoytic tracts do non follow this exact tract. For illustration, phagocytosis, here cells engulf solid atoms and organize an internal phagosome. In add-on, endocytosis besides plays a cardinal function in the ordinance of many intracellul ar cascade events, mitosis and cell migration. The protein Clathrin was foremost discovered in 1975 by B. Pearse, and since a great trade of research has been performed in this country. Clathrin is composed of three heavy ironss ( CHC ) each with an associated visible radiation concatenation ( CLC ) , and forms a triskele form. The heavy concatenation is a polypeptide with five functionally distinguishable parts: a ball-shaped N-terminal, a curving part, the knee, which divides the polypeptide into the proximal and distal countries, and the C-terminal hub sphere which mediates trimerization ( fig.2 ) ( Newpher et al, 2005 ) . In the event of interactions between the proximal and distal leg a closed basket construction signifiers. This occurs in Clathrin Mediated Endocytosis ( CME ) and maps to environ the cysts. It has been suggested that the light concatenation of Clathrin regulates the assembly province of Clathrin triskeles ( Wendland and Baggett,2001 ) . However, it has besides been suggested that clathrin visible radiation concatenation may non be every bit of import as some literature suggests. OHalloran et Al, performed a scope of experiments in vitro in different beings in order to characterize CLC. First, they showed that by depriving a triskele of CLC it still self-assembled into a clathrin lattice ( Lemmon et al, 2006 ) . Second, they compared the map of CLC in two different organisms- Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( budding barm ) and Dictyostelium, In barm they showed that CLC contributes to the trimerization of clathrin into triskeles and the dismantling of triskeles from membranes, conversely, in Dictyostelium, they showed that the light concatenation does non lend to heavy concatenation stableness or trimerization. This finally shows that CLC does non play the same map in all beings. ( OHalloran et al, 2003 ) . CME is the most common path for the procedure by and large known as receptor-mediated endocytosis, CME is the procedure where cells internalise molecules, the molecules which are to be taken into the cell bind to a receptor on the plasma membrane. These molecules are so invaginated into the cell by the plasma membrane and specific proteins coat the receptors and so are internalised into the cells and sent to specific countries within the cell. During this procedure cavities are formed which are known as Clathrin Coated Pits ( CCP ) . Clathrin coated cysts ( CCV ) besides play a cardinal portion in CME, the CCV is packed with a broad scope of transmembrane receptors and their ligands, lading adapters allow the packaging to happen. CCV s are besides able to bud from different intracellular compartments ; budding is enabled by usage of a scope of adapter proteins. Therefore, in the cell there are assorted signifiers of CCV s. Adapters are of import as they select the lading which is included in the coated cysts, for the procedures that occur in the late secretory and endocytic tracts. Research has shown there are four adapter proteins in this household ( AP-1, AP-2, AP-3 and AP-4 ) . AP-1 and AP-2 have an copiousness of Clathrin in the cell. These adapter proteins work in order to advance the assembly of Clathrin in vitro. AP-1 is found on the trans-Golgi web and endosomes, nevertheless, AP-2 is found at the plasma membrane ( Rappoport et al,2006 ) . AP-3 and AP-4 nevertheless are non enriched in Clathrin-coated cysts, they have been shown to work independently of clathrin ( Robinson,2004 ) . It has been shown that both AP-3 and AP-4 are used in screening procedures. Adaptor proteins vary in different beings, veterbrates and workss have all 4 adapter proteins whereas Drosophilia, Caenorhabiditis elegans and Saccharomyces cervisiae ( Yeast ) merely have three ( Lemmon et al, 2005 ) . A recent reappraisal has stated that all four composites did germinate early on but as a consequence of selective force per unit area they have been lost. Adaptor and accessary proteins are peculiarly of import in CME, the accessary protein AP-2 coordinates clathrin nucleation at the plasma membrane whilst the others play helping functions in the assembly of clathrin coated cysts ( Lundmark R, Carlsson SR, 2003 ; Yoshida et Al, 2004 ; Peter et Al, 2004 ) . Dynamin is an of import protein in endocytosis ; it is a 96kDa multidomain GTPase ( Ramachandran et al, 2007 ) . The exact function of dynamin is still ill-defined ; nevertheless there are two proposed mechanisms on how it works in order to derive a deeper apprehension. The first theoretical account is known as the Mechanochemical theoretical account, here GTP binds doing dynamin to piece at the cervix of invaginated coated cavities doing bottleneck. Subsequent assembly stimulated by GTP hydrolysis causes a conjunct conformational alteration bring forthing the needed force for membrane fission. The 2nd proposed mechanism is the Regulatory mechanism ; here dynamin maps as a regulative GTPase ( Hinshaw and Schmid, 1995 ; Warnock and Schmid, 1996 ; Schmid et Al, 1999 ; ) . The GTP edge dynamin controls a scope of effecters which mediate cyst formation. The ego assembly activates an internal GAP sphere ( GED ) , this negatively regulates dynamins maps and besides terminates dynamin-effec tor proteins. These two theoretical accounts have been supported by a series of experiments in Escherichia coli- expressed GED. This is used as a platform for mutagenesis, nevertheless, new penetrations into this theoretical account have since come frontward, and it is now believed that there is a double function for dynamin in endocytic CCV formation. Surveies suggest that early endocytic procedure are controlled by unassembled dynamin, this is targeted to coated cavities, here it can move as either a timer or a fidelity proctor, this early map of dynamin is dependent on the basal rate of GTP hydrolysis, it is negatively regulated by GED ( Schmid and Pucadyil, 2008 ) . During the ulterior phases of CCV formation, dynamin assembles into a short, transeunt neckband around the cervix of deeply invaginated cavities and causes membrane fission. Dynamin switches its function, from an assembled phase to an unassembled province, this assembly switch is really tightly regulated in order for successful endocytic events ( Schmid et al,2009 ) . G Protein-coupled receptor ( GPCR ) endocytosis is another clathrin dependent mechanism of endocytosis. The protein ?-arrestin is used in GPCR internalization, this protein interacts with AP-2 and clathrin. GPCR s are split into two categories ( Classify A and Class B ) , this is dependent on their affinities for ?-arrestins. For illustration ?-adrenergic and  µ-opioid are in category A as they form low affinity transient composites, whereas angiotensin II type 1A and vasopressin 2 receptors are classed in category B as they have similar affinities for ?-arrestin proteins and organize high-affinity stable composites. This leads to internalization of the receptor-?-arrestin composite. A scope of experiments have been performed to demo that ?-arrestin and AP-2 interact instead than clathrin as the indispensable aiming measure which recruits GPCR s to coated cavities ( Laporte et al, 2000 ; Gaidarov et al,1999 ) . When CME is interrupted the consumption of lading is non as efficient and sometimes ceases. As this tract is blocked it is interesting to observe that lading is still able to come in the cell, hence deducing that another tract is present- one which is independent of Clathrin. Information sing this tract is non good understood as it is difficult to by experimentation turn out that this tract exists unless unflurried cells are used. In add-on, there are merely a few endogenous, non-cargo proteins which associate with Clathrin independent endocytosis ( CIE ) that have been identified, due to the deficiency of information one can non see how this relates straight to CIE. The literature suggests that one of the CIE paths is known as the Caveolae pathway. This tract associates with the proteins Caveolin, there are three caveolin proteins in mammals, specifically found in certain countries, Caveolin-1 and 2 are by and large found in non-muscle cells, whereas caveolin-3 is mostly found in musculuss.The protein Caveolin-1 is enriched with caveola, there is around 100-200 molecules per cavolae whereas Caveolin-2 does non look necessary for calveolar formation, nevertheless it does play a cardinal function in some constructions ( Pelkmans and Zerial, 2005 ) . Caveolae are a little ( 50-100nm ) type of lipoid raft which are found on the plasma membrane, they appear to be uncoated and flask shaped. It has been shown that overexpression of Caveolin-1 is sufficient to bring forth flask molded introversions ; these are morphologically identical from caveolae in normal cells, hence turn outing that caveolin-1 is of import for the biosynthesis of caveolar ( Lipardi et al, 1998 ) ( fig.5 ) .The cavities formed appear to undergo formation in the Golgi composite ; it is in the Golgi composite where they get detergent unsolvability and cholesterin association with caveolin-1. It has been shown that cholesterin depletion additions caveolin1 mobility and flattening of caveolae in the plasma membrane. However, despite these positions, the function ofcaveolin1 in the operation and the compostion of caveolae and associated proteins is still non good understood. The cavolae are thought to tie in with cholesterin, glycolipids and GPI-anchored membrane prot eins. However, some similarities have been shown with CME in respects to proteins used in CIE ( Rothberg et al, 1992 ) . For illustration, similar protein constituents are used such as actin, dynamin, cortactin and epsin. This has led to the inquiry, is at that place a common mechanism that is regulated otherwise within each tract or cell type? Surveies have late shown, that some of the ligand/receptor composites are able to be internalised through distinguishable uptake mechanisms. Initially in the caveolae pathway the cysts pinch of from the plasma membrane, from here they can take one of two paths, they can present their contents to endosomes-like constituents or to the plasma membrane on the opposite side of polarised cells ( Pelkmans and Zerial, 2005 ) . Another path of CIE is the CLIC/GEEC tract, this tract uses CLIC ( Clathrin-Independent Carriers ) and GEEC ( GPI Enriched Endocytic compartments ) in order for consumption ( fig.6 ) . This tract relies on cellular signalling and activation via G Proteins. Surveies have shown that endocytic constructions co-localise with the protein GRAF-1. GRAF-1 is a protein which regulates the CLIC/GEEC tract. The cysts are internalised in this tract with the aid of the GRAF-1 protein ( Lundmark et Al, 2008 ) . The above paths of endocytosis are non the lone types ; other types include Phagocytosis, macropinocytosis and entosis. However for the intent of this reappraisal they will non be looked at in item. Vesicle trafficking is a characteristic in all cells ; it is the procedure of lading conveyance between a scope of cell organs, the cell and its milieus. Endocytosis is seen as a method of cyst trafficking, after introversion at the plasma membrane, the cyst is internalised and is moved to cell organs such as the lysosome. Cargo and molecules which are required in other parts of the cell are so moved to where they are needed. In order to see how the paths of endocytosis may suit into an evolutionary history of cyst trafficking, it will be utile to analyze the paths of endocytosis and cyst trafficking in a scope of beings. The being which will be the focal point of this literature reappraisal are Dictyostelium, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ( barm ) , trypanosomes, Caenorhabiditis elegans and mammals. Concentrating on these beings will enable us to see how endocytosis has developed, and we can besides see the similarities and differences in their endocytic and trafficking procedures in order to reply the initial inquiry. Methods In order to seek for appropriate scientific literature for this reappraisal, I used two scientific paper hunt engines. The first hunt engine which I used was PubMed ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ ) , this hunt engine was chosen due to usability and its clear layout. In add-on, as information on PubMed is from a scope of different scientific diaries it allowed me to research the range of the subject and therefore take the best documents for the reappraisal. The 2nd hunt engine I used was Scirus ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scirus.com/ ) , this was used in order to happen any extra documents which were non included in my initial hunt on PubMed. Scirus has a clear user interface which is helpful when seeking to aim a specific paper, although many of the articles on Scirus are besides available on PubMed. Therefore, for this literature reappraisal PubMed was the favoured hunt engine. In order to happen relevant documents I split the rubric into three matching subdivisions which make up the rubric of the reappraisal, foremost, I searched for documents which described the paths of endocytosis and the proteins which are involved in endocytosis. My 2nd subdivision was looking into cyst trafficking with an accent on endocytosis as the chief manner of cyst trafficking. The last subdivision was looking at a scope of beings and to see how endocytosis differs within these beings in order to derive an apprehension of the evolutionary history of cyst trafficking. As the rubric is rather wide, keywords were required in order to derive specific documents which would be utile for the intents of the reappraisal. The chief keywords which were used in seeking for documents were: Endocytosis , Vesicle Trafficking , evolution , dynamin , Clathrin , C.Elegans , Yeast , Actin , mamamals/mammalian , Trypanosome , AP-2 , G-Proteins , CLIC/GEEC and Dictyostelium . These keywords entirely each receive 100s of consequences on PubMed or Scirus, in order to decide this job the keywords were combined with each other in order to derive more specific consequences. For illustration, in seeking for endocytosis in the being C.Elegans, I typed Endocytosis AND C.Elegans. This made sure that both of these particulars were included in the hunt. In some instances where I wanted to derive specific information I used the word NOT in between two hunt keywords in order to extinguish this term looking in the hunt consequences. In add-on, as the subject of this literature reappraisal has been researched rather intensely, I specified from which twelvemonth I wanted the documents from, this enabled me to derive the most up to day of the month literature for this reappraisal. In add-on, where reappraisals were required, I typed REVIEW after my keywords. This enabled me to contract down my hunt rather drastically. In add-on, I found that seting keywords in brackets b esides enabled me to contract down my hunt, when the word OR was placed in between, the sum of consequences I received besides decreased. PubMed and Scirus do non hold an option to merely take primary documents, in order to happen primary documents for this reappraisal I used a combination of the above keywords. From the consequences of the keywords, I read through the abstracts, where there was a clear hypothesis and clear methods stated for experiments I deduced that these where the original documents. By reading and analyzing the documents consequences and methods I chose these documents as the original primary research documents for this reappraisal. Consequences Result of Search Strategies Search Footings Database Used Year Number of Hits Remarks Endocytosis Scirus 232,345 Excessively many, need to contract down hunt. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking Scirus 28,172 Far excessively many, perchance change hunt engine. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND development Pubmed 8 Read through abstracts. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND dynamin Scirus 6,718 Excessively many, change hunt engine. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND dynamin Pubmed 56 Specify documents from the past 5 old ages. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND dynamin ( Year Or Year etc ) Pubmed 2004-2009 23 Read through abstracts. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND clathrin Pubmed 98 Excessively many, cut down hunt. Specify old ages. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND clathrin Pubmed 2000-2009 33 Read abstracts. Endocytosis AND development AND Tetrahymena Scirus 390 Change hunt engine. Endocytosis AND development AND Tetrahymena Pubmed 15 Read abstracts. Endocytosis AND clathrin independent AND cyst trafficking Pubmed 28 Read abstracts. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND AP-2 Pubmed 13 Read abstracts. Mammals AND ( Endocytosis OR Vesicle Trafficking ) Scirus 2000 onwards 28,0000 Far excessively many, change hunt engine, many irrelevant consequences. Mammals AND ( Endocytosis OR Vesicle Trafficking ) Pubmed 2331 Excessively many narrow down hunt. Mammals AND Endocytosis AND Vesicle trafficking AND ( Clathrin or Dynamin ) Pubmed 13 Read abstracts. C. Elegans AND endocytosis AND cyst trafficking Pubmed 2000 onwards 15 Read abstracts. Yeast AND endocytosis AND cyst trafficking Pubmed 68 Excessively many, kind by old ages. 26 found after stipulating old ages. Yeast AND endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND development Pubmed 2 Read abstracts. Yeast AND endocytosis AND development AND ( AP-2 OR dynamin ) Scirus 1999 onwards 35 Read abstracts. CLIC/GEEC AND endocytosis AND cell organs AND cyst trafficking Pubmed 3 Read abstracts. Endocytosis AND development AND clathrin AND ( Trypanosome OR Dictyostelium ) Pubmed 14 Read Abstractions. Endocytosis AND G-proteins AND AP-2 AND GPCR Pubmed 5 Read abstracts. Endocytosis AND dynamin AND development Pubmed 10 Read abstracts. Endocytosis AND dictyostelium AND development Pubmed 22 Read abstracts. Endocytosis AND microscopy AND development AND clathrin Pubmed 10 Read abstracts. The tabular array below summarises the findings which have contributed grounds to the literature reappraisal. Mention Key Findingss Protocol/Comments Aguiler et Al, 2006 Show that ENTH sphere is necessary and suffice for viabilitu of ent1 and ent2 cells. Espsins contribute to ordinance of specific cdc42 signalling tracts in barm. Mutational analysis was carried out. Sequence homology surveies were besides undertaken. Cells visualised by microscopy. Allen et Al, 2003 Show that clathrin mediated endocytosis is the major path for endocytosis in Trypanosoma brucei. Besides shows that there were developmental fluctuations in clathrin map in Trypanosomes. Double stranded RNA was expressed and examined, compared this with CHC proteins. Microscopy besides used to visualize. Dacks et al, 2007 Show that ?3 and ?4 adaptin and other adaptin complex fractional monetary units evolved before LCEA. Besides show that many enodcytic compartments evolved independently and convergently after they diversified into the primary eucaryotic supergroups. Phylogentic analysis of endocytic syntaxins, Rab5, ?-adaptins was undertaken. Elde et al,2005 Show the precise function of dynamin in Tetrahymena, besides look at the mechanisms of aiming, and how this differs in metazoans and ciliophorans. Cells were tagged with GFP, TIRFM was so used. Phylogenetic analysis was besides used, uptake checks carried out. Hall et Al, 2004 TbRAB5A and TbRAB5B are required for endocytosis in trypanosomes. They besides showed that there are many alternate paths for endocytosis in this being. RNA intervention was used to happen the comparative importance of TbRAB5A and TBRAB5B. Immunofluoresence and TIRFM used to visualize cells. Kaksonen et Al, 2005 Four proteins cooperate in order to drive coat formation, introversion and cyst scission. Clathrin facilitates the induction of endocytic-site assembly, but non needed for membrane introversion or cyst formation. Tagged cells with a GFP marker, and co-localised this with an Actin marker. Used TIRFM to visualize cells. Screened omission mutants. Kneuhl et Al, 2006 Distinct sites for clathrin-adaptor interaction execute different maps. Revealed new facets to the ordinance of CCV s. Mutagenesis surveies to see interactions with CHC s. Protein Purification and Binding checks. Immunofluoresence used to image cells. Liu et Al, 2009 Show that membrane curvature is coupled to biochemical reactions. Show that by utilizing their theoretical account that endocytic cyst formation has a incorporate mechanism across all eucaryotes. A theoretical account was proposed and computations were carried out. The theoretical account was proven by cells tagged and watched under microscopy. Lundmark et Al, 2003 Show how GRAF1 is able to organize little G protein signalling and membrane remodelling which allows the CLIC/GEEC tract ladings. Cells tagged with GFP. Cells were so colocalised with a protein ticket. Electron microscopy undertaken. Morgan et Al, 2003 Show that Trypanasomes have a individual dynamin household cistron which is homologous to the DRP household of DLP s. Besides show that Dynamin is non required for endocytosis. Sequence homology surveies were undertaken. Southern Blot analysis to happen related cistrons. Western Blotting and immunofluoresence checks. Newpher et Al, 2005 Cortical spots are likely to be endocytic sites. Besides showed that clathrin besides accumulates at the cerebral mantle with internalizing ?-factor receptor, Ste2p. Show that Sla2p, End3p and Pan1p are non required for clathrin assembly or exchange. Live cell imagination, used fluorescent tickets and used microscopy techniques ( eg. TIRFM ) to visualize cells. Newpher et Al, 2006 Overexpression of CLC can partly reconstruct endocytosis to cells which lack CHC. Show that this suppression is due to the Sla2p adhering part of CLC. Besides show that N-terminal Sla2p adhering part of CLC promotes the patterned advance of arrested Sla2p spots that form in the absence of CHC. To map the parts of CLC s that bind Sla2p and CHC use GST pulldown in bacteriums expressed proteins. Amino acerb sequences were besides checked, mutants and omissions were besides introduced. Immunoblotting techniques and microscopy used to visualize cells. Parton and Kirkham, 2005 Show that different tracts are able to portion the same common molecular machinery and distinguishable tracts really represent basic tracts where extra degrees of regulative composites have been added. Cells tagged with dye and fluorescent proteins. Specific proteins of involvement besides tagged. Consequences visualised under microscopy. Rappoport et Al, 2006 Show that clathrin musca volitanss which are thought to be inactive really undergo changeless fractional monetary unit exchange. Besides show that AP-2 serves a lading screening map before endocytosis. In add-on, shows a function for clathrin as a nucleation site for endocytosis. Cells tagged with EGFP-?-adaptin. Microscopy techniques such as TIRFM and epifluoresence microscopy used in order to visualize cell interactions. Robinson et Al, 2007 Showed that Caveolin-1 contributed to membrane trafficking non merely of endocytic factors but of excitant aminic acid bearer 1. Therefore shows multiple functions. RNA-mediated knock down experiments were carried out. Cells were tagged with markers and microscopy techniques used to visualize procedures. Semerdjieva et Al, 2008 Showed rate of AP-2 uncoating from CCV s was dependent on rab5. Besides showed that in vivo, overexpression of dominant rab5 lead to an addition in steady-state degrees of AP-2 associated with endocytic cysts. Antibody tagging was carried out, cells were so visualised utilizing TIRFM. Cells stopped at assorted points of endocytosis to see effects of rab5. Toshima et Al, 2005 Endocytic cyst formation is mediated by the actin cytoskeleton, motion into the cell by a extremely conjunct mode. Synthesised pheromones. Used different markers, visulaised cells with fluorescent microscopy Wendland et Al, 2006 Show that ENTH sphere is necessary and suffice for viabilitu of ent1 and ent2 cells. Espsins contribute to ordinance of specific cdc42 signalling tracts in barm. Mutational analysis was carried out. Sequence homology surveies were besides undertaken. Cells visualised by microscopy. Elucidation of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis in Tetrahymena Reveals an Evolutionary Convergent Recruitment of Dynamin. Elde et Al. ( 2005 ) PLoS Genet. 1 ( 5 ) : e52 This paper was chosen for the range of the subject. Not merely does this paper include mention to a cardinal endocytic protein- dynamin, but it looks at the manner this protein interacts in Tetrahymena which is an being of peculiar involvement. Tetrahymena is a ciliophoran ( individual celled being ) , but has a figure of tracts and subcellular constructions which are normally seen in Metazoans ( higher eucaryotic cells ) . This paper covers an array of subjects which help us to derive a deeper apprehension in the development of dynamin enlisting in Tetrahymena, this paper is one of the first to travel into such deepness. Methods Experiment 1: CME was visualised utilizing the styryl dye FMI-43.As they did non cognize whether endocytic lading molecules were present they were labelled with FMI-43. The cells were starved for two hours before the dye was applied this stoped phagosome formation. The bleached cells were so visualised over clip. Experiment 2: This dealt with the designation of adapter proteins. AP-2 is widely used in Tetrahymena as it mediates the diverse membrane trafficking events affecting clathrin in many eucaryotes. Four  µ paralogs encoding AP medium fractional monetary units have been identified ( Boehm et al, 2001 ; Morgan et Al, 2002 ) . A phylogenic analysis of the  µ fractional monetary units was undertaken in a scope of species ( Tetrahymena, Metazoans, and Arabidopsis ) and a topology produced. Once produced, the genome was observed and fractional monetary units where identified. The proteins APM1A, APM1B and APM2 were cloned and tagged in order to find whether phylogenic categorization of Tetrahymena fractional monetary units was consistent with sites of action. Experiment 3: This dealt with recognizing the specific function of dynamin in Tetrahymena as the genome contains a big figure of dynamin related proteins ( DRP s ) . The protein of involvement used in this experiment was Drp1p. Heterkaryon strains which carried transcripts of Drp1 were besides mated. The protein was tagged and visualised, it so underwent Southern Analysis, immunofluorescence was so used. The cells were placed in Cadmium and subsequently removed and the FM1-43 consumption was observed and compared to wt cells. Allele break experiments were besides undertaken. Experiment 4: This experiment dealt with Drp1 s relationship to the classical endocytic dynamin, here phyletic comparings of dynamins and DRP s were carried out. The experiment besides included seven extra DRP s in the Tetrahymena genome and nine from a 2nd available ciliophoran genome. Key Findingss Each experiment contributed good findings. Experiment one showed that after 20 proceedingss of being exposed to FM1-43 dye, the bulk of the puncta appeared to hold colocalised and accumulated in the cell posterior. By transporting out a kinetic analysis of the FM1-43 consumption, they showed that this resembled the expected form of an endocytic tract arising from coated cavities near radical organic structures. This therefore suggests the being of a localized endosomal compartment ( fig.A ) . The intent of experiment 2 was to bring forth a tree which supported early variegation which was already identified. A tree was constructed in order to demo the findings ( fig.B ) . In experiment 3, after the proteins

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Response Paper - Essay Example According to Yallop, although the official cause of sudden death was disclosed by the Vatican as heart attack, he allegedly uncovered information that revealed otherwise. Apparently, it was theorized that the pope was allegedly poisoned for reasons that range from uncovering anomalies in running and operating the Vatican Bank; as well as in his bold planned to end strict prohibition in the use of artificial birth control, one of the firm Catholic dogmas conservatively retained through the years. The book comprised of seven chapters where the first six were presented to provide an effective overview of Albino Luciani’s background, the kind of man he truly is, and the alleged facts surrounding operating the Vatican Bank (Yallop, 2007). Chapter 5 was devoted to the pope’s 33 days as Pontiff and leading to the fateful night when he was allegedly poisoned. Yallop specifically inferred that six men (Marcincus, Villot, Calvi, Sindona, and Gelli) connived to orchestrate the pop e’s death, to wit: â€Å"I am equally convinced that one of these six men had, by the early evening of September 28th, 1978, already initiated a course of action to resolve the problems that Albino Luciani’s Papacy was posing. One of these men was at the very heart of a conspiracy that applied a uniquely Italian solution† (Yallop, 2007, p. xxiv). ... The contents were highly sensitive leaning towards suggesting the possibility of murder, connivance, and cover-ups within the strict confines of the Pope’s chamber – surely one of the most guarded global institutions given the authority and power relegated to the position occupying it. Likewise, the risks included tarnishing the writer’s reputation in case that his allegations were effectively proven wrong; as well as the reputation of the Vatican, the Catholic organization which Yallop alleged was filled with anomalous transactions and shielded from public scrutiny. Apparently, the effect of the risk taking endeavor by Yallop yielded beneficial and rewarding results for him in terms of generating as much as 6,000,000 copies sold of the book (Yallop, 2007). Despite the optimistic side of his risk-taking pursuit, he was criticized for the veracity, credibility and reliability in the contents of his writing. According to an article published in The Telegraph, Damia n Thomson’s review of Yallop’s writing indicated that â€Å"Rome dismissed his book as trash†¦ Then along came John Cornwell, an 'independent' author unsympathetic to the Vatican, who checked out Yallop's case. It crumbled into dust like an ancient parchment exposed to sunlight. The 'murder' of John Paul turned out to be just another conspiracy theory, glued together with innuendo and non sequiturs. Cornwell's book A Thief in the Night, which demonstrated that John Paul I had died of natural causes, left Yallop's theory looking jolly silly† (Thompson, 2007, pars. 1 & 2). In the most current article referring to the official statement on the cause of Pope

Socioeconomic Factors in Local Policing Research Paper

Socioeconomic Factors in Local Policing - Research Paper Example Eastpointe’s most widespread race is the white which is 65.65% of the entire population. The other races take the other percentage; black 29.5%, Hispanic 2.09%, Asian 1.09%, Native 0.42% and others3.34% (Locallabs, 2012). Education level in this city is relatively lower than the level of the State’s and nation’s education, averagely. Therefore, this paper seeks to discuss the demographic aspects of Eastpointe, its transformation and the projected future trends of these demographics. It will examine the race, gender, age, employment, housing, wealth distribution, schools, trend in crimes and their effect on policing. Race refers to a particular geographic human population which is distinguished by characteristics which are genetically transmitted across the group. In addition, these groups of people are united on the base of a common history, geographical distribution or nationality. Thus, Eastpointe is a city which has a number of races; the whites, the blacks, Hispanic, Asian, and Native Americans such as American Indian and Hawaiian and other races from other parts of the world. The whites and blacks are the most dominant races in the city with a population of 21297 white people and 9575 black people. Out of 100%, the white people cover 65% whereas the blacks cover 29%. For the same year, Hispanics were 677 people covering 2% of the entire population; the Asians have a population of 353, covering 1% of the city’s population whereas the natives (American Indians) have a population of 130 with a 1%. There is a population with two or more races. These people are 933 in total, covering 2% of the city’s population. Compared to the race population of previous years, say 2000 where the whites had the greatest percentage (92.1%) and the blacks 4.7%, the population of the white race has greatly declined to 65% as other races increased in population; blacks to 29%,

Case Study Of Downs Syndrome

Case Study Of Downs Syndrome Paul Z is a 30 year old man who has a Learning Disability and Downs syndrome. He lives at home with Mrs Z, his mother who is his main carer and 18 year old sister S who goes to Sixth Form College and hopes to go to University. Mrs Z is devoted to Paul and gave up her part time job when he left school twelve years ago to look after him full time. Mrs Z who was widowed two years ago has recently been prescribed anti-depressants by her GP as she was not sleeping well and finding life difficult to cope with. Paul is able to complete his personal care and dresses himself appropriately, although he does sometimes need prompting or supervising depending on his mood that day. Mrs Z finds it very difficult to leave Paul at home for any length of time even though he is likely to be able to cope on his own for a few hours. She will occasionally leave him with his younger sister S but she has exams and a very full social life of her own. Neither has Mrs Z been willing to allow Paul to access community based activities, other than the Day Centre which he attends two days per week, because she fears for his safety. Paul really enjoys the Day Centre where he has been given his own shelf in the greenhouse and a patch of garden where he grows flowers and vegetables which he takes home to eat. Paul would like to increase his social activities, develop his independent living skills and have access to a bigger garden to grow more vegetables and to possible sell them. Pauls interests include watching films, reading comic books and playing computer games and football. He also enjoys swimming and accompanies Mrs Z when she goes. Paul is very sociable and well liked by all who meet him. Mrs Z does not drive and both she and Paul are dependent on public transport. Paul requires support when in the community as he could be extremely vulnerable if left on his own because of his friendly and trusting nature. Paul has a good understanding of everyday things but due to his learning disability tends to make decisions based on his every day experience and eagerness to please and may not have necessarily understood or taken into account all the information which might affect the decision. He can appear to have a better understanding of things than he has and he needs to be supported when making more complex decisions. Paul is also very difficult to understand verbally and uses his own language with a form of Makaton and picture Symbols. When he becomes anxious or worried he can be aggressive even towards those who he knows well. Also due to his poor communication skills he finds expressing himself very difficult. 3 practice related questions: In the context of Pauls circumstances provide a critical analysis of: Which types of assessments would need to be implemented, how these would be most appropriately conducted and by whom The first assessment that would need to be implemented would be an assessment of Pauls need for community care services. As Paul has a learning disability and Downs syndrome, there will be assessment barriers that need to be taken account for and overcome to enable Paul to participate fully in the assessment process. In addition this will ensure that the relevant and necessary information is gathered to accurately assess Pauls need for community care services. As described Paul has poor verbal communication skills, this could make it difficult for Paul to express himself during the assessment process. Furthermore Paul may need help in making sense of and understanding information, this would need to be addressed to maintain Pauls full involvement and level of understanding in the assessment and for any decision. Pauls challenging behaviour would need to be taken into account so not to cause harm to him or others. Pauls assessment would normally be conducted by a social worker from Pauls local social services department (NHS Choices, 2009). The social worker would need to find ways of dealing with these potential barriers before the assessment takes place. Paul communicates using his own language; with this in mind it may be appropriate to have someone who knows Paul well to be part of the assessment so they are able to interpret the information to the assessor. Pauls mother or sister could do this Alternative communication-picture symbols social worker could use these/interper however Paul is eager to please so may tell interviewer/social worker what they want to hear. May be case if mum/sister is present so an independent advocate may be advisable. As Paul can get aggressive-build the relationship up before assessment. Carers assessment Mothers own s47 assessment The issues relating to risk, proportionate response and capacity Risk assessment, vulnerable adult, MCA, IMCA How you would work to promote Pauls independence and his right to make his own choices, with whom would you cooperate to achieve this and which theoretical perspectives would inform your practice. Person centred planning-Valuing people Social model of disability 3 Legal Questions: What statutory duties, if any, does the local authority have in respect of assessing and providing community care services to Paul and/or Mrs Z? Please identify the relevant legislation. In respect of assessing Paul, the local authority under Section 47(1) of the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990, has a duty to assess his needs and depending on the result of that assessment, will decide whether Pauls needs call for the provision of community care services. As Brayne and Carr (2010, pp.541) states there are two clear steps that are required by s.47(1)-an information gathering exercise and a decision making process. During the decision making process, the Local Authority will follow the guidance set by the Fair Access to Care Services Guidance for Adult Social Care Needs issued by the Department of Health in the Local Authority Circular 2002 (LAC 2002 13). The eligibility criteria is based on the risk to independence caused by an individuals presenting needs. End with saying about cc services to link to next paragraph. Community Care services are a range of services that are generally provided by social services to enable the people who are receiving them to remain living within the community rather than moving, for example into residential care (Clements and Thompson, 2007). The main statue that directs community based services is Section 29 of the National Assistance Act 1948. This gives local authorities the power and duty to provide domiciliary care services to disabled people who fall within the definition as defined by the act and who are in need of such services. Services can be provided within the service users home or elsewhere, such as a day centre. As Paul has a learning disability and Downs syndrome, he would be eligible for these services. Under s.29 of the NAA 1948, Paul could receive arrangements to support him with gaining independent living skills, services for recreational and social activities and assistance with setting up his own business so he could sell his vegetables. Paul, under s.29 of the NAA 1948, is defined as being disabled and therefore Local Authorities have further power and duties to provide services under Section 2 of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970. This section offers a wide range of services that could be available to Paul. He could benefit from outings outside of his home, assistance with travel arrangements for such outings, practical assistance within his home and holidays. Mrs Z is Pauls main full time carer and so would be entitled to an assessment under Section 1 of the Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000, of her own needs in terms of her ability to provide and to continue to provide care for Paul. A carer, as described in the legislation, is an individual who provides or intends to provide a substantial amount of care on a regular basis for another individual aged 18 or over. Within s.1 of the CDCA 2000, Mrs Z, would still be eligible for an carers assessment even if Paul was to refuse a community care assessment himself. The local authority involved in this case, has a statutory duty, under the Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act 2004, to inform Mrs Z of her right to an assessment and must take in to consideration whether Mrs Z works or wishes to work or would like to undertake any education, training or leisure activities. The results of Mrs Zs assessment would be considered during the decision making process of Pauls need for the provision of community care services. If Paul was going to be placed in residential care what statutory duties or powers does the local authority have to place him in residential care, and what statutory duties does the local authority have in respect of the choice of accommodation. Would your answer differ if Paul lacked mental capacity to decide where he should live? If Paul was going to be place in residential care, the local authority has a duty to provide this under Section 21 of the National Assistance Act 1948. Within this act it states that residential accommodation must be provided for persons aged eighteen or over who by reasons of age, illness, disability or any other circumstances are in need of care and attention which is not available. Once Paul has been assessed as eligible for accommodation As Clements and Thompson (2007, pp.222-223) states the NAA 1948 (Choice of Accommodation) Directions 1992 constitute one of the few examples of genuine choice that individuals have in relation to their community care services. The NAA 1948 (Choice of Accommodation) Directions 1992- gives individuals genuine choice that individuals have in relation to their community care services. When they are engaged, the directions give service users a legal right to choose setting of their residential care. Once a social services authority has assessed a person as eligible for accommodation under NAA 1948, S21, it is then obliged to make arrangements to accommodate that person in a care home of his or her choice provided that the conditions in direction 3 of the NAA 1948 (Choice of Accommodation) Directions 1992 (as amended) are satisfied. S1(2) MCA 2005 -presumption of capacity S2 MCA 2005 Decision must be time and issue specific. S4 MCA 2005 if lacks mental capacity then a best interest decision is required c)In the context of the case study please identify any vulnerable adults and say why and in what circumstances you consider them to be vulnerable. What assessments if any would you carry out and what measures if any would you put in place to protect them? Critically analyse which other individuals and/or agencies, if any, you would involve in the safeguarding process. Assessment There are a number of statutes that deal with the matter of assessment. The overarching duty on local authorities is set out in the NHS and Community Care Act 1990. NHS and Community Care Act 1990 Section 47(1). This imposes a duty on local authorities to carry out an assessment of need for community care services with people who appear to them to need such services and then, having regard to that assessment, decide whether those needs call for the provision by them of services. An assessment is triggered where : The person appears to be someone for whom community care services could be provided and The persons circumstances may need the provision of some community care services There are a number of other Acts which deal with the matter of assessment: The NHS and Community Care Act 1990 Section 47(2). If, during the Section 47(1) assessment the person is identified as being disabled *, that person has additional rights as set out in Section 47(2). This requires local authorities to make a decision as to the services required under Section 4 of the Disabled Persons (Services and Consultation and Representation) Act 1986. Note: * see Section 29, National Assistance Act 1948 below Disabled Persons (Services and Consultation and Representation) Act 1986 Section 4. This imposes a duty on local authorities to decide whether the needs of a disabled person call for the provision by the Local Authority of any services in accordance with Section 2(1) of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970. National Assistance Act 1948 Section 29 (1). To qualify for services under this Section persons must be:   Ã‚  Ã‚  aged 18 or over who are blind, deaf, or dumb, or who suffer from mental disorder of any description, and other persons aged 18 or over who are substantially and permanently handicapped by illness, injury, congenital deformity or such other disabilities as may be prescribed by the Minister. The definition of disabled person should be interpreted in this context to mean people over 18 years who have a permanent and substantial disability such as learning disability, physical disability, sensory impairment, mental health difficulties, chronic illness or any combination of these. LAC(93) 10 Appendix 4 asks councils to give a wide interpretation to the term substantial to take full account of individual circumstances and a flexible interpretation to the term permanent in cases where they are uncertain of the duration of the condition. Examples include episodic or recurring illness, intermittent disability / conditions. People who are disabled within the terms of this definition are not obliged to register with the Department, nor is access to assessment and services dependent on registration. Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons (CSDP) Act 1970 Section 2. This places a duty on local Authorities to assess the individual needs of everyone who falls within Section 29 of the National Assistance Act 1948 above. back to top Assessment of Carers The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 Section 1. This section gives carers, aged 16 or over, the right to an assessment of their ability to provide care or continue to provide care: Where they provide or intend to provide a substantial amount of care on a regular basis for another individual 18 or over And the local council is satisfied that the person cared for is someone for whom it may provide or arrange for the provision of community care services. This right exists even where the person cared for has refused an assessment by the local council social services department or has refused the delivery of community care services following an assessment. Note: The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 will only rarely be used by councils looking at the needs of 16 and 17 year old carers. Where it is used in these circumstances the assessment must be child centred and follow the guidance set out in the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (paragraphs 3.61 to 3.63.) (Ref The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 policy and practice guidance). The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 Section 6 . This section provides that a person with parental responsibility for a disabled child has the right to an assessment from the local authority of their ability to provide (and to continue to provide) care for the child. The local authority must take that assessment into account when deciding what services, if any, to provide under section 17 of the Children Act 1989. (Ref The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 policy and practice guidance). Disabled Persons (Services Consultation and Representation) Act 1986 Section 8. Carers also have rights under this section which requires local councils to have regard to the ability of the carer to provide or continue to provide care when deciding what services to provide to the disabled person. In these circumstances the assessment of the cared for person must take account of the carer situation and record this as part of the assessment of the cared for person. This requirement exists even where the caring role is not of a regular or substantial nature. back to top Mental Health Act 1983, section 117 requires a local authority jointly with the Health Authority to provide aftercare services for people leaving hospital after being compulsorily detained. It is implicit in such a duty that a process of assessment must be undertaken prior to discharge to identify needs and how they will be met. The delivery of all mental health services is framed within the Care Programme Approach (CPA) which provides the framework for all patients, both in hospital and in the community. Among the key elements of the CPA are: Systematic arrangements for assessing peoples health and social care needs The formulation of a care plan which addresses those needs The appointment of a Care Co-ordinator Regular review of the care plan. Other specific assessment requirements within Mental Health are determined by Sections 2, 3, 4 and 7 of the 1983 Mental Health Act. These sections require an Approved Social Worker to undertake an assessment of an individuals mental health along with key health colleagues. back to top Provision of Services Fair Access to Care Services and the Duty To Provide Once a community care assessment is carried out, councils need to make decisions about whether to provide support or not to individuals. Fair Access to Care Services (FACS) provides councils with an eligibility framework for adult social care to identify whether or not the duty to provide services under the following legislation is triggered. (Ref. Fair Access to Care Services policy and practice guidance). The duty on social services to provide or arrange services is triggered only for those people with eligible needs that is needs above the threshold for services line. The national FACS policy LAC (2002)13 states that councils may take account of the resources available to them in deciding which needs to meet. Needs that are identified as eligible needs and which sit within the laws relating to a duty on Social Services to provide services must be met. How those needs are met is a separate issue. Provision of services takes place primarily under: The National Assistance Act 1948, Section 21 and Section 29 The Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970, Section 2 The Health Services and Public Health Act 1968, Section 45 The NHS Act 1977, Section 21 Mental Health Act 1983, Section 117 Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996 back to top Duty to arrange/provide services for people with Eligible Needs National Assistance Act 1948 Section 21(1). Concerns the provision of residential accommodation to certain groups of people over 18 years who through age, illness, disability or any other circumstances are in need of care and attention which would otherwise be unavailable to them. The duty is owed to people ordinarily resident in the Local Authoritys area. National Assistance Act 1948 Section 29. The local council has a duty to exercise its powers for people ordinarily resident in its area and must provide: A social work advice and support service Facilities for rehabilitation and adjustment to disability Facilities for occupational, social, cultural and recreational activities Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 Section 1. This section imposes a duty on local authorities to provide information about relevant services. Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 Section 2 (1). This section sets out the types and range of services that local councils should have available to meet the needs of disabled people *. These include: provision of practical assistance in the home; provision of recreational facilities outside the home or assistance to take advantage of educational facilities; provision of assistance with works for adaptation in the home; provision of meals. Note: * See Section 29(1) of the National Assistance Act 1948 above. National Health Services Act 1977 Section 21. This section identifies that services can be provided in relation to expectant mothers, prevention and after care and that home help and laundry facilities are functions exercisable by social service authorities. Schedule 8 identifies the power to provide and maintain day centres or similar facilities and power to arrange services specifically for people with alcohol and drug problems. Also to provide laundry services as part of the input of home help services. Mental Health Act 1983 Section 117(2) This section creates a joint duty on the local Health and Social services Authorities to provide after care services to various categories of people who have been detained in hospital for as long as the person needs them. Aftercare services are not defined in the Act but will include social work support in helping the ex-patient with problems of accommodation or family relationships, the provision of domiciliary services and the use of day centre and residential facilities. Community Care (Direct Payments) 1996 Act This sets out the circumstances when direct payments should be considered. It gives local authorities the power to offer people cash payments as an alternative to arranging social care services to meet their assessed, eligible needs. (Ref Direct Payment policy) Carers may also have access to Direct Payments. See Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 Section 5 powers set out below. Health Services Act 1968 Section 45. The Local Authority has a power to make arrangements to promote the welfare of older people. The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 Section 2. Under this section the Local Authority has powers to provide services for carers following a carers assessment (whether joint or separate) under Section 1 of this Act. Services to carers are not defined by the Act. The local authority may provide any services they see fit to provide and which in their view help the carer care for the person cared for. These services may take the form of physical help or other forms of support such as training or counselling for the carer. (Ref The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 policy and practice guidance). The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 Section 5. This section extends the option of Direct Payments to carers aged 16 years or over who care for a person aged 18 or over. (Ref The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 policy and practice guidance).

Custom Written Essays: Rating Hamlet -- The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Rating Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Is this Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet at the top of the rating chart, or is it just near the top? This essay intends to examine various aspects of this subject, along with critical opinion.    Could the enduring reputation of Hamlet   be attributed to the â€Å"ultimate form† in which the Bard of Avon expressed his ideas? Robert B. Heilman says so in â€Å"The Role We Give Shakespeare†:    It is the way of venerable texts whose authenticity has impressed itself on the human imagination: he has said many things in what seems an ultimate form, and he is a fountainhead of quotation and universal center of allusion. â€Å"A rose by any other name† comes to the mouth as readily as â€Å"Pride goeth before a fall,† and seems no less wise. [. . .] The Ophelia-Laertes relationship is strongly felt near the end of Goethe’s Faust, Part I, and the Hamlet-Gertrude-Claudius triangle echoes throughout Chekhov’s Sea Gull (24-25).    This play is ranked by many as the very greatest ever written. Cumberland Clark in â€Å"The Supernatural in Hamlet† gives the consensus regarding Hamlet that exists among literary critics of today:    At least six or seven years pass after the writing of Midsummer Night’s Dream before we find Shakespeare engaged on Hamlet, the second of the great plays with an important Supernatural element, and, in the opinion of many, the greatest tragedy ever penned. (99)    There is no more exalted ranking than the above. Richard A. Lanham in the essay â€Å"Superposed Plays† maintains that no other English tragedy has generated the literary comment which this play has produced: â€Å"Hamlet is one of the great tragedies. It has generated more comment than any other written document in English literatu... ...iversity Press, 1965. Lanham, Richard A. â€Å"Superposed Plays.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from The Motives of Eloquence: Literary Rhetoric in the Renaissance. N.p.: Yale University Press, 1976. Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p.: Pocket Books, 1958.

The United States foreign policy has always attracted

Because the United States is one of the most powerful nations in the world, its foreign policy has always attracted much attention of world community and evoked controversial assessments. Following certain historical period the American foreign policy tended to become that of ruling nation. To support this statement I’ll outline major issues of American foreign policy under President Theodore Roosevelt in this paper.Roosevelt’s presidency was distinguished by an active position in regard to foreign policy. President Theodore Roosevelt adhered to the idea that the â€Å"civilized† nations, to which he included the U.S., should actively participate in keeping world peace and order and taking patronage over developing nations. (Chessman, 32) For Roosevelt making the Philippines an American colony was the beginning of American active international power politics. In foreign affairs one of Roosevelt’s major concerns was the development of U.S. army and navy. Ro osevelt conspicuously presided over the expansion of American naval power, sending the Great White Fleet on a tour around the world from 1907 to 1909 to demonstrate the power of the United States to other nations. (Burton, 59) He insisted that the United States be the dominant naval power in the Pacific.When the government of Colombia refused to ratify an agreement that would allow the United States to begin construction of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, then a Colombian province, Roosevelt encouraged revolutionists to declare Panama independent and used the navy to prevent Colombian warships from quelling the revolt. Soon, he concluded an agreement with the new nation, granting the United States a zone in which to construct a canal. Roosevelt regarded the construction of the canal to be â€Å"a symbol of the triumph of American determination and technological know-how, his greatest accomplishment as president.† (Collin, 75) In 1904 the President announced the Roosevel t Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which formulated U.S. attitude towards European interventions in Latin America.According to this Corollary the USA took responsibility for ensuring that Latin American countries met their international obligations, thus this document, in effect, made the United States the â€Å"policeman† in the Western Hemisphere. (Beale, 211) That was one of the first instances of U.S. endeavor to spread its control over the political affairs of other countries. In this way the U.S. made it clear that Latin America is U.S. sphere of interest. Thus Roosevelt took full control of the finances of the Dominican Republic in 1905 in order to pay its debts to U.S. and European creditors. When the Senate balked at consenting to a commercial treaty with the Dominican Republic because Southern senators considered it harmful to Southern sugar growers, Roosevelt implemented its terms by calling it an executive agreement, which did not require Senate consent.In dealin g with major powers of the Eastern Hemisphere Roosevelt excellently exhibited his sophisticated diplomatic skills. He acted as a mediator in bringing Russo-Japanese War to end at the Portsmouth Conference and received the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts. Nevertheless his goal was not just to bring peace; his prime aim was to equalize Russian and Japanese powers in Asia that in turn might have assisted American interests. Again through implementing the informal executive agreement Roosevelt exchanged Japan’s approbation of the American presence in the Philippine Islands for recognition by the U.S. of the fact that Japan conquered Korea. His diplomacy facilitated the Algeciras Conference of 1906 that quieted differences between France and Germany over Morocco.Theodore Roosevelt’s influence on the America of his day and in the years thereafter was palpable in numerous ways and the foreign policy was not exception. The nature of presidential office and power, the pl ace of the United States in world affairs identify the principal categories where Roosevelt made an enormous difference in national life and its history. Today it is arguable that Theodore Roosevelt’s actions in foreign affairs gave rise to the modern presidency.ReferencesBeale, Howard K. (1956) Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power Baltimore: Johns Hopkins PressBurton, David H. (1997) Theodore Roosevelt, American Politician: An Assessment. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University PressChessman, G. Wallace (1969) Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of Power Boston: Little Brown and CompanyCollin, Richard H. (1985) Theodore Roosevelt: Culture, Diplomacy, and Expansion: A New View of American Imperialism Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press

Euro Zone Economic Crisis and its Impact

Euro Zone Economic Crisis and its Impact Introduction The EU was formed in 1957 and efforts to coordinate the currency into single formidable currency took place later in 1992 through the Maastricht Treaty that was later launched in 1999. This led to the introduction of rules that were to be followed the EU members so as to be allowed to use the euro.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Euro Zone Economic Crisis and its Impact specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The condition came to be known as the Convergence criteria of which low and stable inflation, stable exchange rate and sound public finances were to be followed strictly (Rossi and Aguilera 8-11). The introduction of the Euro lead to its adoption into the national central banks of each member states as a monetary measure. This led to the formation of an independent European Central Bank (ECB) to serve this purpose. The formation of the EU has facilitated international trade among the member states (Rossi a nd Aguilera 12). However, this picture has not been the way it is found in the strategies of EU Commission. The global recession that hit the world in years 2007 and 2008 and other financial crises have led to deep problems in the economies of Euro countries. The Euro zone crisis requires a serious study to understand the cause and the strategies needed to restore the Euro into normalcy. This paper will thus focus on these issues revolving around the Euro crises. Background Information Causes of Euro Zone Crises According to the Stability and Growth pact stipulated in the heart of European Union Economic integration, it was agreed that the member states should not borrow more than 3% of their economies. The problem seems to stem from large debts held by some of the member countries hence producing a spiral effect to other members. The problem probably is as a result of structural maladjustments as IMEMO observes in their report of the crisis. Member countries like Spain, Italy, Fran ce, Germany and Greece have witnessed the fall of the euro against the dollar by 15 percent in the year 2010. The crisis has seen the euro plummet to below the 1.20 dollar benchmark forcing foreign efforts to intervene to save Greek on the verge of collapsing. According to IMEMO, the crises have four key features. In the first feature as already mentioned, there exists the problem of structural and economic gaps between member states of the EU. An analysis of these inconsistencies reveals that Southern European member countries are not as advances as the leading European countries. This is reflected by the low quality education statistics that fall behind the framework of the EU.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These gaps reveal that disparities between the EU countries contribute to differences in the purchasing power of the low performing countries. These souther n countries have backward moving and uncompetitive economies with constantly low GDPs. The average purchasing power indicator shows that the following nations have below the average 108% value of more than half of the Euro Countries, Greece 95%, Slovenia, 86%, 78% for Malta and Portugal and Slovenia 72%. Therefore, the problem lies in their grouping as members of the Euro countries yet they remain behind in term of competitive advantage. In the ensuing effect, these nations have the attitude of approaching the EU as a forum where they improve the standards of living. Further, the strategies they use in this effort is only geared toward maintaining international standards as per the EU without working on the details of internal production, increased sale and cross border production. They have low labor productivity compounded by low levels of human capital that lags behind serious in the information knowledge technology economy (IMEMO para. 3-6). Their R D is almost absent, and the private business sector reveals lack of involvement leading to the backward trend. When compared with the leaders’ these countries will take time to get at par with the developed and advancing countries in Euro zone. This led to countries living beyond their means since the wages grew fast at the pressure of trade unions and the need to maintain the standards of welfare at the expense of poor social security system, ineffective administration hence the need to borrow more for sustenance. Efforts to devaluate the credit and monetary policy in different structured countries can only lead to varied results that are not feasible. This is because this measure leaves out the structural consideration needed to boost such economies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Euro Zone Economic Crisis and its Impact specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second problem lies in the systemic and institutional nature of the Union. Th e member nations have handed the monetary power to the Commission which through the ECB has done its bets to maintain the inflation rate at 2.5 percent, kept prices stable and the exchange rate between the dollar reflecting long term trends. However, the lack of inclusion of other key economic policies in the hands of the Union leaves the national members states with the option of dictating their one course. In the long run, there arises an uncoordinated guideline in the nations. These economic situations have worsened especially in individual member states. The situation is made worse with the lack of economic coordination. This had led to conflicts with ECB. This is because of the emerging issues and disagreements regarding individual governments’ economic problems, which spreads to the whole economic policy of the Euro community. The third problem lies in the fiscal nature and abilities. All the euro states have breached the Maastricht criteria that stipulate that borrowin g should not exceed 3 percent of the states budget of GPD. The reform brought by France and Germany in 2005 fuelled the problem by eliminating the measures designated to check the flouting of Maastricht criteria. Countries like Britain had not been in this excessive budget deficit due to the concern of the pound. Therefore, when the world financial and economic crisis hit, Britain was not affected. The European nations at this time went overboard in borrowing in order to revive, restructure and rearrange their economies for effective energy use at the expense of diminishing budget revenues. This had the effect of increasing budget deficits to unimagined magnitudes. In this case, the euro zone governments spending rose to 50.7 percent in 2009 from 46 percent in 2007 as budget revenue decreased from 45.4 to 44.4 percent in a span of two years. This resulted to a deficit of 6.3 percent (IMEMO, para 5). This debt problem is explained by unjustified growth backed by borrowing. This probl em was compounded further by the previous surge in household debts base on mortgage and consumer debts that read about 99 percent in the make up of GPD in 2007. I other countries like Spain, this had shot up to 125%; however, when compared to 134% recorded in the US, these were lower.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This had a serious effect on the Euro zone debt problem just like the increased foreign debts of the euro zone bank’s liabilities. This was indicated by high financial leverages of 21 to 49 in European Banks s compared to 12 and 17 in US banks. Also, the problem of bank cross border integration led to some banks becoming more vulnerable from the operations of foreign others in the Euro zone (IMEMO, para 8). This problem is also compounded by leading behaviors of banks and especially the German and France banks. This forms the fourth feature of the Euro crisis know as the credibility gap of the financial institutions, in the member states as well as the Euro region governance as a whole. This was compounded by the need and insistence for integration against the least effective anti crisis measures by some member states. The crisis in each member countries has had various effects due to these problems. In the export oriented countries, GDP has gone down like in Germany 2009 bei ng overtaken by the productivity values of south European countries like Greece and Spain. The rising unemployment rate has compounded the problem in Euro nations rising to two folds in nations like Spain and Ireland. This forms the basis for social protests that hinder the implementation of anti-crises measures. This results to state problems like those of Greece. Greek in the Middle of the Crises Greece faces debt from the external and internal point of view. For internal debt, the public sector has for a long time run one budget deficits. In the case of external debts, deficits have been caused by too much current account deficits hence an illustration of living beyond its means. The international crisis has affected the Greek economy in a severe way since the last quarter of 2008. Hellenic Statistical Authority noted that in the last quarter of 2008, the increase in GDP was only 0.7%, compared to the rest of the year in which it was over 2 per cent. This trend started 2009; and since then, the economy has deepened into economic recession. According to Hellenic Statistical Authority; In 2009, the annual decrease in GDP was 2 %. In addition to this, the Greek economy has faced the problem of fiscal disorders. Indeed, in 2009, the deficit was 12.7 % of GDP [whereas] the public debt was estimated at 113.4% of GDP (p.20). The IMF report noted that the Greek economy enjoyed a period of considerable growth (1994-beginning of 2008). According to the IMF, in 2009, the Greek GDP was decreased by 2 %; in the last quarter, the reduction in GDP was 2.5%. The IMF predicted that the 2010 Greek GDP to be 2% (p.19). Also, predictions about the economies reveal a gleam picture. The IMF also predicted that during 2011; the Greek economy would remain in depression and that the GDP would continue to decrease by 1.1%. On the other hand, the Euro region would go to an increase of 1.5% (IMF, 20). There is a prediction by economists that public debt will reach 150% of GPD by 2014. Table 1: Important Statistics Greece’s: 2009 2014* Change Nominal GDP (Euro in bn) Debt(%of GDP) Interest Payments (% of GDP) Debt (euro in bn) 237.5 113.4 -12.7 5.0 269.3 225.6 149.2 -2.9 7.2 336.7 -0.5+ 35.8++ 9.8++ 2.2++ 67.4 * Economist Projection +Per cent ++Percentage Points Source: The Economist, para 6. Table 2: Competitiveness Index 2006 2002 1994 Greece Spain Portugal Ireland -0.502 -0.213 -0.211 0.215 -0.498 -0.128 -0.195 0.247 -0.382 -0.068 -0.198 0.118 Source: Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 169. Of all the members’ nations of the Euro Zone, Greece is the worst hit country. Other nations like Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ireland face the problem of domino effect. Greece is the leading nation in government finance problems. The debt has risen to 300 billion euros, which translates to over 100 percent of the states GPD. This is mirrored in other states that have poor financial strength amid rapidly growing national debts. Greece has been unable to meet the anti-crisis program targets due to different social economic positions when compared to other nations. Greek’s strength on information technology is poor as compared to Ireland, and its mortgage sector contributed largely to the crisis. The reduction of exports has hurt most economies Germany included. The problem of Greece has been noted by many, and IMEMO indicate that Greece is on the brink of default. However, it is worth noting that Greece was not the first to get in the deep circle of crises. Countries like Ireland and Portugal had to work hard to get foreign assistance in order to avoid default (IMEMO, para. 9). First recent news that Greece doctored its statistics to a favorable image for EU zone explains a series of problems back at home. Also, massive corruption and lack of private investment regulation has led to the process that has put Greece at the center stage of the Euro Zone crisis. The Greek debt is further compounded by serious streets protest tha t hinder anti crisis measures to help alleviate the brink to bankruptcy. The in the last two years the government has received two bail outs from the Members of EU circle but these have not solved the problem. Today Greece faces a daunting task of reducing wages at the cost of street protest. The government contemplates on imposing austerity measures in spending that will help in the overall plan of hoisting from the pit. Many businesses in Greece are facing challenges while others have collapsed due to the weight of the repercussions. Greek’s problem of tax evasion and the governments inability to collect taxes crowd the country with more than it already has. Also, its membership to EU requires that the country does not devalue its currency to make exports cheaper hence more quagmires (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 173). Solutions for Greece crisis problem The problem with Greece’s debt crises started in the 1980s; therefore, simple strategies meant to help the nation can only suffice for short periods. The path to the future does resemble interventions recommendations that can be suitable for other economies like France, or UK. Greece specificities allow for structural changes in order to stabilize the fiscal sector. These must be accompanied by development incentives. The government must seek ways to stabilize the public economies and the fiscal sector hence the need for stable leadership as this may take long. Greece would be able meet the Lisbon’s treaty requirements and increase market trust by doing this. This would become a firm base upon which sustainable economic growth can be based. In the short term, Greece must make macroeconomic policy cuts and increase taxes tough at the face of mass street protest. In the long term, structural changes in public expenses and revenues are needed in order to stabilize the public economies without choking the developmental perspective (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 171). Greece’s condition allow s many possibilities, but they must be evaluated on the feasibility and effectiveness bearing in mind the serious problem in the country. The only option that Greece has is to adopt actions that will guarantee stability. This lies in structural reforms that are backed by austere measures. Greek has to follow its Stability Program which needs EU supervision on issues like fiscal transparency and national statistical agency. The need for massive bail out is required; however, this must be coupled by a determination to grow slowly. This should focus on strict measures that will involve recession in order to correct the imbalances and help the public finance become strong again to exude credibility (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 174). The goal is increase production base through sustainable growth. This should be done through appropriate planning of the best development model that should emphasize on competitiveness and extroversion. This has a long term advantage in stabilizing public situ ation. When fiscal stabilization and fiscal consolidation test the economic development the creation of appropriate economic environment allows investors to prosper (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 175). Therefore, key stabilization structures can encourage economic growth through private initiatives and entrepreneurs taking risks in order to avert depression by other measures like public expense reduction or reduction of public investment (Batten and Szilagyi, 29). The existing resources in the public sector as measures in structural strategies have to be used. These resources, when used in competent ways, may lead to sustainable reduced public expense. The evaluation of public infrastructure works should guide the policy and decision making process that would help in examining financial and human resources. With this line, the process of rationalizing the public resources should help in actions that lead to evaluation and appraisal of public managers. This should be done to determine co mmensurate rewards through independent processes and criteria. Secondly, evaluation of the civil servant and thirdly record and assess job positions duties and their required qualifications. Also, reforming the public servant regime to ensure flexibility and reconstruction of public-staff transfer framework should be done to allow public servants moving from one service to another. Finally, lifelong education and training processes should be focused on public servants in order to realize public resource management. Increasing tax collection should be the next solution not just as a reason for the crisis, but as a requirement for economic and structural interventions. Tax collection in Greece is one dimensional. It targets the over burdened tax payer group those who are salaried and pensioned as well as those who have invisible income. This forms about 79% of the tax revenues, and thus there is a need to increase tax payers. Out of the 5.5 million tax returns, 4.1 million (74%) do no t pay taxes or get tax rebates leaving a paltry 26 % as the tax revenue yearly contributors. Therefore, there is a need to record real estate electronically and analytically, expand the control of new real estate purchases and to direct this to some groups of people should be the way forward in tax revenue management. There is the need to control suspects who evade taxes and at the same time take measures against the off-shore company transactions. The need to exercise a fair tax system for real estate properties should allow inclusion of specificities in the income of such properties to the owner. Lastly, Greece should carry out high value commercial exchanges by only debiting and crediting professional bank accounts. These accounts should be accessible to the revenue services. In this case, fiscal stabilization, consolidation, and competitiveness for sustainability in economic growth should be the measures necessary for the Greece economy in the face of crisis and a weak economy. This should set the exit strategy out of the financial problem and form the basis for long term sustainable economic development (Batten and Szilagyi, 12). Solutions and strategies to EU crisis The solutions for Euro zone crises lie in timely mobilization of economists and leaders towards anti crisis measures. The design of anti crisis measures involves the implementation of reduction of the budget deficit to less than 3 percent. Before carrying out of these measures, there is a need to establish whether they can work in socio-political countries should be done to assess the viability. The solution to timeliness and sufficiency should help nations in the future to avert serious problems like those already in the zone. The precision to provide Greece with help as already done should be as a temporary measure. Since Greece is about to be bundled out of the EU membership, serious strategies should work to help Greece and other nations get rid of the crises (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 16 7). The issue of aid euros to Greek first solves only problems in the political process like the referendum issue at hand. The real solution lies in improving the productivity of the country. This means that Greece should focus on increasing the value of exports to other nations whether members of EU or not. At the same time, the need for South Europe countries to cut public spending should take foremost backing by the member states and the states themselves. The idea that Germany should help the crisis is far-fetched. This is because each nation is endowed with experts who have to help the country forge forward in hard and good times. Although German is the leading economy in the Euro zone, it has its fair shares of problems to handle. Therefore, depending on it may be disastrous (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 168). The ECB policies have been right so far; however, the question that should be asked is how well it does its work. The fact that Greece and other nations like Bulgaria have falsified their statistics leaves the position worrying. However, this may be a case of tied hands as already noted. The powers to dictate about structural and other economic policies in a nation rest within the nation’s capability and policies. Notably, if the integration in Monetary and Market policy has to be effective; then there is a need to develop strategies to ensure that member states economic and other fiscal policies are coordinated. These strategies must be outlined on supranational forum. In this case, the most advanced countries can have the chance to train and guide the lowest performing nations on measures to attain the outlined measures. In the heat of the moment, political comments suggest the implementation of procedures that ensure nations reach certain requirements needed to join European Commission. These include administrative, structural and financial aspects (Ker-Lindsay 74). If the EU leaders strongly advocate about Stabilization Fund as a long term solution, then the problem of debt will never end. Nations sell their debts to private investors where reasons for debt are not serious like in the Euro zone. For long term solutions to work, normalization of government finance in the countries experiencing the problem is critical. These economies need to become competitive in terms of the economy, which should be backed by strong institutional changes. A total change in the economic models pursued by such countries, which have a restrictive impact on anti-crisis measures, is also critical. Such measures must be based on a number of factors. The political condition of member states should be ready to execute and adopt anti-crisis solutions which must be based on available knowledge and competencies. The need also for preparation of the public in order to agree on reforms meant to prevent rolling back in anti crisis measures. There is also the need for political stability in to guarantee the stable functioning of the government in th e decision making processes during a crisis. Within the EU powers, there is the need to support a nation that is undertaking the anti crisis efforts. The need for conditional support package within the EU policies should be based on the criteria of demonstrative show of support, which indicates confidence in the future of the euro zone. Impact of the Crisis to European integration The Euro crisis has had serious effects to integration and enlargement of the euro zone. The notable increase of the euro zone in the recent past has dwindled due to the current issues. In other aspects, it was considered that the noted increase was a politicization effort to influence states to join the EU (Savona, Kirton, and Oldani, 56). From the crisis point of view, it can have positive and negative impacts. Positively, the requirements of nations to fulfill certain requirements before being accepted in the EU makes nations engage in hard work that guarantees success and viability. The requirement for political stability puts the states on toes, and this improves the EU member states. It is important to note that member states are faced with the issue of never withdrawing from the EU. If withdrawal happens, the state risks an undervalued national currency and difficult and costly legal obstacles. This would place the whole region in an image that is not desirable (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 176). Positively, the EU will keep on checking the quality changes happening in economic forums of individual nations hence improving the overall economic development of the EU. In terms of cultural integration, countries wishing to join the EU need to be at par with the leading EU members. This prospect allows advancement of cultures on to desirable welfare levels in order to benefit from the economic integration. This is positive in that nations may utilize this option to produce and export for better profits. Negatively, this notion assumes that weak nation’s cultures may face foreig n mixing and eventually fade which may be a source of discomfort to conservative nations (IMEMO, para. 11-13). In terms of technology, there is a need to improve basic sending, receiving, and manipulation of information for nations to work at par with the leading EU countries. In the event that integration of technology happens between member states, this means a more advantageous position to members against other non member states. The chance to improve technologically is placed as an ambitious program which can get funding from the EU guidelines hence leading to improved employment. Integration brings advantages to nonmember states, as well as advantages. The EU policy on foreign policy for non member states must strive to help nations to come to terms with emerging issues. In this context, it can help to secure financial support for such nations from large financial institutions. This is because the performance of such states affects the EU directly and indirectly (IMEMO, para. 1 4-16). The issues with border relationships are also impacted by EU between countries that are interested in joining the EU. Nations can make border issues peaceful or conflicting depending on the treatment from EU. The member states fee and funding from EU creates sustainable fund for processes and administration. However, the crisis at hand has reduced this fund, and in case of any conflicts, there may be serious problems (Savona, Kirton, and Oldani, 59). On another front on integration, reforms in existing guidelines may help to create contingency fund to a nation in case of difficulties that cannot be addressed by the country. This may be a result of the amendment of Lisbon Treaty. The EU may seek to support the G-20 efforts aimed at reforming the global financial institutions. This is aimed at gaining advantage for harmonization of economic policies in the EU states. This will help the EU to shape the economic policy of the region. At the same time, it will help in progress tow ards to innovative economy in the southern members’ states. This will give the chance to help solve the problem of structural inconsistencies between nations as well as the low GDP. The crisis has put Germany back in the leading role of economic integration in the European region due to its favorable and stable economy. Germany has become an important partner in upgrading European Integration. Conclusion The intervention of other EU countries in helping PIIGS members is a strong indication of the future force of this association. Although viewed by many as a one that may not offer the world with solutions, the management of the Euro zone crises will restore the world confidence in the EU. The crisis is a big learning lesson to the EU PIIGS, other EMU nations and the world at large in the process of public and fiscal management. This serves a lesson in the collection of taxes and the insistence of stable and accountable management budget revenues as well as expenditures. The E uro Crises has not subsided, and in the wake of new calls, it is going to improve other policies between nonmember and member states. The force of economic integration allows the Euro to have a voice on the world stage to join hands with G-20 in discussing issues that affect the world. The resolution of this crisis should allow the world to have a view that even the environmental problem is achievable if serious strategies are put in place. Therefore, global warming as an international crisis can also be tackled. Batten, Jonathan and Peter G. Szilagyi. The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Emerging Financial Markets. Bingley, U.K: Emerald, 2011. Print. Hellenic Statistical Authority. Latest Statistical data. 2010. Web. International Monetary Fund. World economic outlook April 2010: rebalancing growth. 2010. Web. IMEMO RAN. Eurozone crisis: causes and consequences for the Euro-Atlantic Region. Moscow. 2010. Web. Ker-Lindsay, James. Crisis and Conciliation: A Year of Rapproche ment between Greece and Turkey. London: I. B. Tauris, 2007. Print. Rossi, Vanessa and Rodrigo Delgado Aguilera. No Painless Solution to Greece’s Debt Crisis. Chatham House, International Economics. 2010. Web. Savona, Paolo, John J. Kirton, and Chiara Oldani. Global Financial Crisis: Global Impact and Solutions. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2011. Print. Sklias, Pantelis and George Galatsidas. The Political Economy of the Greek Crisis: Roots, Causes and Perspectives for Sustainable Development. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics. Issue 7 (2010): 166-177. Print. The Economist. Greece’s sovereign-debt crisis. 2010. Web.

Free sample - The Texas State Board of Education curriculum. translation missing

The Texas State Board of Education curriculum. The Texas State Board of Education curriculumThe communication triangle Referential: Between the student (writer) and the topic Interpersonal: Between the student and the instructor (reader) Directive: Between the instructor and the topic The workplace continues to experience change due to rapidly changing technology and global economic forces. These transform the work requirements of students that necessitate them to graduate ready to perform work that require strong academic skills and application of essential skills such as critical thinking, literacy and analytic capabilities, as well as increased proficiency in math and science. The graduation requirements for secondary school should therefore reflect the changes in the workplace. The promotion of the curriculum ensures that more students enter college or workforce when they are ready to succeed. This move is an effort to ensure that students gain necessary skills for college and work. The curriculum prepares students for post-secondary success. Students at all levels, including those who may not want to go to college, benefit from the curriculum. The performance in the courses has a startling effect on the students’ readiness for college. The costs associated with training students who are not ready to go to college is high, and this may be higher when they are unprepared for work. The curriculum is designed to ensure that each student enters work or college with a higher probability of success. The curriculum in high school should ensure development of a talented labor force that is economically competitive in the world. The curriculum provides better and more rewarding quality of life for the citizens. The courses are the gatekeepers to well-paying jobs. Preparation for work and college consist of courses that are taken in high school, which is the foundation The more rigorous courses the students take enable them to persist and obtain a degree at the end. They have higher rate of staying persistent on the academic track as compared to students who did not take such coursework. These students stay enrolled and work for a degree. Students’ outcome will always be related to the type and quality of available curriculum. Rigorous courses such as have positive effects on college graduation as well as on earnings later in life. Not all rigorous courses are equal (Rose Betts 33). Students who pass through a rigorous curriculum in high school can immediately enter a dual enrolment program in colleges (Ravitch 355). These students leave school much further along. This reduces cost as well as time for a post secondary degree. Students may not be ready for college unless they take additional courses from the traditional core. The content and quality of the core courses need to be improved through additional courses that students take, and this reflects how rigor the curriculum is. The courses enable all students to have equal opportunities to be prepared for post secondary education. Many students who take the core curriculum are unprepared for college and work challenges. Positive outcomes can be achieved through rigorous courses as qualified and professional teachers are recruited to teach. Thus, the schools are able to assign teachers to courses that they can handle best. The content of the rigorous curriculum can be taught and learnt effectively. Students in rigorous schools improve their ACT test scores in mathematics. Most students do not take the right number and kind of courses they need to be ready for college and work. The requirements for graduation must be aligned with readiness expectations of college and work. These courses cover what students ought to know and are capable of doing in their high school courses in specific subject areas. As such, students can have solid foundation to begin next courses. The courses will improve teacher support in education and preparation, which are crucial to the success of students in classroom. The quality of courses can be enhanced through hiring of qualified teachers and provision of training or professional development support to the existing teachers. The teachers are assigned on the basis of their qualification to handle a subject area. Inexperienced teachers are not allowed to teach the students who need best teachers. The rigorous courses must be offered under high quality standards so that students are prepared for work and college education. The students are frequently monitored so that they are able to learn what they are needed to learn. In such cases, interventions can be made to improve students’ progress as required. Conclusion The global economy is technology based and students are in danger of competing in international arena if the vigor of the courses is not raised. The students’ competitiveness in the world must be raised and maintained. It is also important to strengthen the high school curriculum to improve the readiness of students for college. Substantial proportion of students has not been offered education they deserve in order to receive boost to be ready for college and success after graduation. The nation is at risk of losing to the better prepared international students who take technology-based and other courses oriented at overcoming global challenges. Works cited Ravitch, Dianne. Brookings Papers on Education Policy. Brookings Institution Press, 2003. Rose, Heather and Betts, Julian R. Math matters: the links between high school curriculum, college graduation, and earnings. Public Policy Institute of CA, 2001